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Generation of the Volatile Spiroketals Conophthorin and Chalcogran by Fungal Spores on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Common to Almonds and Pistachios
journal contribution
posted on 2012-12-05, 00:00 authored by John J. Beck, Noreen E. Mahoney, Daniel Cook, Wai S. GeeThe
spiroketal (E)-conophthorin has recently been
reported as a semiochemical of the navel orangeworm moth, a major
insect pest of California pistachios and almonds. Conophthorin and
the isomeric spiroketal chalcogran are most commonly known as semiochemicals
of several scolytid beetles. Conophthorin is both an insect- and plant-produced
semiochemical widely recognized as a nonhost plant volatile from the
bark of several angiosperm species. Chalcogran is the principal aggregation
pheromone component of the six-spined spruce bark beetle. Recent research
has shown conophthorin is produced by almonds undergoing hull-split,
and both spiroketals are produced by mechanically damaged almonds.
To better understand the origin of these spiroketals, the volatile
emissions of orchard fungal spores on fatty acids common to both pistachios
and almonds were evaluated. The volatile emission for the first 13
days of spores placed on a fatty acid was monitored. The spores investigated
were Aspergillus flavus (atoxigenic), A. flavus (toxigenic), Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicillium glabrum, and Rhizopus
stolonifer. The fatty acids used as growth media were
palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic. Spores on linoleic acid
produced both spiroketals, those on linolenic acid produced only chalcogran,
and those on palmitic and oleic acid did not produce either spiroketal.
This is the first report of the spiroketals conophthorin and chalcogran
from a fungal source.
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navel orangeworm mothscolytid beetlesnonhost plantAspergillus flavusinsect pestgrowth mediaspiroketals conophthorinCalifornia pistachiosAspergillus parasiticuslinoleic acidalmondsporessemiochemicalPenicillium glabrumRhizopus stolonifer13 daysangiosperm specieslinolenic acidPolyunsaturated Fatty Acids CommonVolatile Spiroketals ConophthorinRecent researchPistachiosThe spiroketalisomeric spiroketal chalcogranoleic acidFungal Sporesaggregation pheromone component
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