Exploring the Structure and Complexation Dynamics of Azide Anion Recognition by Calix[4]pyrroles in Solution

The structure and anion recognition dynamics between calix[4]­pyrroles and azide (N₃^–) anions in the form of its TBA⁺ and Na⁺ salts were investigated in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultrafast IR spectroscopy. Vibrational energy redistribution of the N₃^– anion in the complex is accelerated through hydrogen bonding interactions with the N–H proton of the receptor. Rotational dynamics of the bound N₃^– is greatly restricted, demonstrating a distinct countercation effect. The detailed binding modes of N₃^– with the receptor were further evaluated by the density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All of these measurements support the notion that the calix[4]­pyrroles are capable of capturing the azide anion in solution. However, the calix[4]­pyrroles may not necessarily undergo a conformational change to a cone-like geometry when they bind to the azide anion in the solution.