Electrocatalytic Ammonia Oxidation by a Low-Coordinate Copper Complex

Molecular catalysts for ammonia oxidation to dinitrogen represent enabling components to utilize ammonia as a fuel and/or source of hydrogen. Ammonia oxidation requires not only the breaking of multiple strong N–H bonds but also controlled N–N bond formation. We report a novel β-diketiminato copper complex [ⁱPr₂NN_F6]Cu^I-NH₃ ([Cu^I]-NH₃ (2)) as a robust electrocatalyst for NH₃ oxidation in acetonitrile under homogeneous conditions. Complex 2 operates at a moderate overpotential (η = 700 mV) with a TOF_max = 940 h^–1 as determined from CV data in 1.3 M NH₃–MeCN solvent. Prolonged (>5 h) controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) reveals the stability and robustness of the catalyst under electrocatalytic conditions. Detailed mechanistic investigations indicate that electrochemical oxidation of [Cu^I]-NH₃ forms {[Cu^II]-NH₃}⁺ (4), which undergoes deprotonation by excess NH₃ to form reactive copper(II)–amide ([Cu^II]-NH₂, 6) unstable toward N–N bond formation to give the dinuclear hydrazine complex [Cu^I]₂(μ-N₂H₄). Electrochemical studies reveal that the diammine complex [Cu^I](NH₃)₂ (7) forms at high ammonia concentration as part of the {[Cu^II](NH₃)₂}⁺/[Cu^I](NH₃)₂ redox couple that is electrocatalytically inactive. DFT analysis reveals a much higher thermodynamic barrier for deprotonation of the four-coordinate {[Cu^II](NH₃)₂}⁺ (8) by NH₃ to give the copper(II) amide [Cu^II](NH₂)(NH₃) (9) (ΔG = 31.7 kcal/mol) as compared to deprotonation of the three-coordinate {[Cu^II]-NH₃}⁺ by NH₃ to provide the reactive three-coordinate parent amide [Cu^II]-NH₂ (ΔG = 18.1 kcal/mol) susceptible to N–N coupling to form [Cu^I]₂(μ-N₂H₄) (ΔG = −11.8 kcal/mol).