Controlling Structure and Dimensions of a Disordered Protein via Mutations

The dimensions of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are sensitive to small energetic-entropic differences between intramolecular and protein–solvent interactions. This is commonly observed on modulating solvent composition and temperature. However, the inherently heterogeneous conformational landscape of IDPs is also expected to be influenced by mutations that can (de)­stabilize pockets of local and even global structure, native and non-native, and hence the average dimensions. Here, we show experimental evidence for the remarkably tunable landscape of IDPs by employing the DNA-binding domain of CytR, a high-sequence-complexity IDP, as a model system. CytR exhibits a range of structure and compactness upon introducing specific mutations that modulate microscopic terms, including main-chain entropy, hydrophobicity, and electrostatics. The degree of secondary structure, as monitored by far-UV circular dichroism (CD), is strongly correlated to average ensemble dimensions for 14 different mutants of CytR and is consistent with the Uversky–Fink relation. Our experiments highlight how average ensemble dimensions can be controlled via mutations even in the disordered regime, the prevalence of non-native interactions and provide testable controls for molecular simulations.