Biphasic Bioelectrocatalytic Synthesis of Chiral β‑Hydroxy Nitriles

Two obstacles limit the application of oxido­reductase-based asymmetric synthesis. One is the consumption of high stoichiometric amounts of reduced cofactor. The other is the low solubility of organic substrates, intermediates, and products in the aqueous phase. In order to address these two obstacles to oxido­reductase-based asymmetric synthesis, a biphasic bio­electro­catalytic system was constructed and applied. In this study, the preparation of chiral β-hydroxy nitriles catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhS) and halohydrin dehalogenase (HHDH) was investigated as a model bio­electro­synthesis, since they are high-value intermediates in statin synthesis. Diaphorase (DH) was immobilized by a cobaltocene-modified poly­(allyl­amine) redox polymer on the electrode surface (DH/Cc-PAA bioelectrode) to achieve effective bio­electro­catalytic NADH regeneration. Since AdhS is a NAD-dependent dehydrogenase, the diaphorase-modified biocathode was used to regenerate NADH to support the conversion from ethyl 4-chloro­aceto­acetate (COBE) to ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxy­butanoate ((S)-CHBE) catalyzed by AdhS. The addition of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as an organic phase not only increased the uploading of COBE but also prevented the spontaneous hydrolysis of COBE, extended the lifetime of DH/Cc-PAA bioelectrode, and increased the Faradaic efficiency and the concentration of generated (R)-ethyl-4-cyano-3-hydroxy­butyrate ((R)-CHCN). After 10 h of reaction, the highest concentration of (R)-CHCN in the biphasic bio­electro­catalytic system was 25.5 mM with 81.2% enantiomeric excess (ee_p). The conversion ratio of COBE achieved 85%, which was 8.8 times higher than that achieved with the single-phase system. Besides COBE, two other substrates with aromatic ring structures were also used in this biphasic bio­electro­catalytic system to prepare the corresponding chiral β-hydroxy nitriles. The results indicate that the biphasic bio­electro­catalytic system has the potential to produce a variety of β-hydroxy nitriles with different structures.