Biomimetic Sol–Gel Synthesis of TiO₂ and SiO₂ Nanostructures

We report the heptapeptide-mediated biomineralization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from titanium alkoxides. We evaluated the influence of pH on the biomineralized products and found that nanostructured TiO₂ was formed in the absence of external ions (water only) at pH ∼ 6.5. Several variants (mutants) of the peptides with different properties (i.e., different charges, isoelectric points (pIs), and sequences) were designed and tested in biomineralization experiments. Acid-catalyzed experiments were run using the H1 (HKKPSKS) peptide at room temperature, which produced anatase nanoparticles (∼5 nm in size) for the first time via a heptapeptide and sol–gel approach. In addition, the peptide H1 was used to synthesize SiO₂ nanoparticles. The influence of the pH and the added ions were monitored: at higher pH levels (8–9), SiO₂ nanoparticles (20–30 nm in size) were obtained. In addition, whereas borate and Tris ions allowed the formation of colloidal systems, phosphate ions were unable to produce sols. The results presented here demonstrate that biomineralization depends on the sequence and charge of the peptide, and ions in solution can optimize the formation of nanostructures.