Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials as an Emerging Platform for Advanced Electrochemical Sensors: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

This review describes progress in the design and synthesis of biomass-derived carbon materials with different morphologies. It also covers respective composites and their applications in the field of electrochemical sensing of (bio) chemical species. Generally, carbon-based materials have paved the way for advanced electrochemical sensing devices because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Carbon materials are typically created from chemical precursor materials; however, researchers are increasingly focusing on fabricating carbon materials from waste biomass resources due to economic and environmental constraints. Compared with other carbon materials, biomass-derived carbon materials (BCMs) are more environment-friendly with lower toxicity. In this review, we concentrated on providing researchers with a complete overview to develop an alternative strategy to improve the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors in actual samples by using numerous biomass-derived carbon-based materials modified electrodes. This review summarizes the classification, synthesis methods, and electrochemical sensing applications of BCMs and their composite materials. The major challenges in this field are outlined, and future research avenues for BCM-based electrochemical sensors are also highlighted.