Connected Peptide Modules Enable Controlled Co-Existence of Self-Assembled Fibers Inside Liquid Condensates

Supramolecular self-assembly of fibrous components and liquid–liquid phase separation are at the extremes of the order-to-disorder spectrum. They collectively play key roles in cellular organization. It is still a major challenge to design systems where both highly ordered nanostructures and liquid–liquid phase-separated domains can coexist. We present a three-component assembly approach that generates fibrous domains that exclusively form inside globally disordered, liquid condensates. This is achieved by creating amphiphilic peptides that combine the features of fibrillar assembly (the amyloid domain LVFFA) and complex coacervation (oligo-arginine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)) in one peptide, namely, LVFFAR₉. When this hybrid peptide is mixed in different ratios with R₉ and ATP, we find that conditions can be created where fibrous assembly is exclusively observed inside liquid coacervates. Through fluorescence and atomic force microscopy characterization, we investigate the dynamic evolution of ordered and disordered features over time. It was observed that the fibers nucleate and mature inside the droplets and that these fiber-containing liquid droplets can also undergo fusion, showing that the droplets remain liquid-like. Our work thus generates opportunities for the design of ordered structures within the confined environment of biomolecular condensates, which may be useful to create supramolecular materials in defined compartments and as model systems that can enhance understanding of ordering principles in biology.