posted on 2018-02-09, 00:00authored byWang Hay Kan, Dongchang Chen, Joseph K. Papp, Alpesh Khushalchand Shukla, Ashfia Huq, Craig M. Brown, Bryan D. McCloskey, Guoying Chen
Recent reports on high capacities
delivered by Li-excess transition-metal
oxide cathodes have triggered intense interest in utilizing reversible
oxygen redox for high-energy battery applications. To control oxygen
electrochemical activities, fundamental understanding of redox chemistry
is essential yet has so far proven challenging. In the present study,
micrometer-sized Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 single crystals were synthesized for the first time and used
as a platform to understand the charge compensation mechanism during
Li extraction and insertion. We explicitly demonstrate that the oxidation
of O2– to On– (0 < n < 2) and O2 loss from the
lattice dominates at 4.5 and 4.7 V, respectively. While both processes
occur in the first cycle, only the redox of O2–/On– participates in the following cycles.
The lattice anion redox process triggers irreversible changes in Mn
redox, which likely causes the voltage and capacity fade observed
on this oxide. Two drastically different redox activity regions, a
single-phase behavior involving only Mn3+/4+ and a two-phase
behavior involving O2–/On– (0 ≤ n < 2), were found in LixNb0.3Mn0.4O2 (0
< x < 1.3). Morphological damage with particle
cracking and fracturing was broadly observed when O redox is active,
revealing additional challenges in utilizing O redox for high-energy
cathode development.