posted on 2004-12-15, 00:00authored byWei Zheng, Scott R. Yates, Sharon K. Papiernik, Mingxin Guo
Propachlor and other chloroacetanilide herbicides are
frequently detected contaminants of groundwater and surface
water in agricultural regions. The purpose of this work
was to develop a new approach to remove propachlor
residues from the environment via chemical remediation by
the nitrification inhibitor thiourea. The transformation
processes of propachlor and thiourea mixed in aqueous
solution, sand, and soil were elucidated. Analysis of
transformation products and reaction kinetics indicated
that an SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction occurred, in
which the chlorine of propachlor was replaced by
thiourea, detoxifying the herbicide. It appears that propachlor
undergoes a catalytic reaction in sand or soil amended
with thiourea, which results in a significantly accelerated
transformation rate as compared to the reaction in
aqueous solution. The second-order reaction process was
examined at different temperatures to investigate the
role of the activation energy. The enthalpy of activation
(ΔH) for the reaction of propachlor with thiourea was
demonstrated to be significantly lower in sand than in
aqueous solution, which provides evidence that a catalytic
transformation mechanism occurs in thiourea-amended
sand. The chemical reaction rate increased proportionally
to the amount of thiourea added to the sand. Column
experiments further suggested that the remediation strategy
could be used to remove propachlor residues from sand
or soil to reduce leaching and prevent contamination of surface
water and groundwater.