Techno–Economic Evaluation of Technologies to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions at North American Refineries

A petroleum refinery model, Petroleum Refinery Life-cycle Inventory Model (PRELIM), that estimates energy use and CO₂ emissions was modified to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of a set of technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions at refineries. Cogeneration of heat and power (CHP), carbon capture at fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) and steam methane reformer (SMR) units, and alternative hydrogen production technologies were considered in the analysis. The results indicate that a 3–44% reduction in total annual refinery CO₂ emissions (2–24% reductions in the CO₂ emissions on a per barrel of crude oil processed) can be achieved in a medium conversion refinery that processes a typical U.S. crude slate obtained by using the technologies considered. A sensitivity analysis of the quality of input crude to a refinery, refinery configuration, and prices of natural gas and electricity revealed how the magnitude of possible CO₂ emissions reductions and the economic performance of the mitigation technologies can vary under different conditions. The analysis can help inform decision making related to investment decisions and CO₂ emissions policy in the refining sector.