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Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde and Other α,β-Unsaturated Substrates Catalyzed by Rhodium and Ruthenium Complexes
journal contribution
posted on 2009-06-08, 00:00 authored by Sonia Jiménez, José A. López, Miguel A. Ciriano, Cristina Tejel, Alberto Martínez, Roberto A. Sánchez-DelgadoThe complexes [Rh(PhBP3)(cod)] (1) and [{Ru(PhBP3)(μ-Cl)}2] (8), containing the tripodal phosphanoborate ligand [PhB(CH2PPh2)3]−, are efficient catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to the corresponding allyl alcohol. Complex 8 is one of the most efficient catalysts reported to date for this reaction, in terms of activity (TOF 527 h−1) and selectivity (≥97%) under mild reaction conditions (6.8 atm H2, 75 °C). The rhodium system also displays good catalytic features in the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (TOF 219 h−1), particularly a high selectivity (81%) for this metal in the reduction of the CO bond. Crotonaldehyde can also be reduced, although the selectivities are not as high as for cinnamaldehyde; 2-cyclohexenone is rapidly and specifically reduced to cyclohexanone by both catalysts. The ruthenium catalyst 8 operates via heterolytic activation of hydrogen, involving monohydride intermediates and possibly ionic hydrogen transfer, while the rhodium complex 1 involves oxidative addition of dihydrogen to form dihydride intermediates and follows a substrate route. Indeed, complex 1 reacts with hydrogen in acetonitrile to give the dihydride complex [Rh(PhBP3)(H)2(NCMe)] (3), while protonation of one of the phosphane arms of the ligand occurs on treatment of complex 1 with HBF4 to give the cationic species [Rh{PhB(PH)P2}(cod)]BF4. The hydride ligands in 3 are easily removed as molecular hydrogen by reaction with CO under atmospheric pressure to give the rhodium(I) complex [Rh(PhBP3)(CO)2]. In this reaction, the replacement of acetonitrile by CO takes place previously to the elimination of hydrogen, which indicates that substrates can coordinate to the metal in 3 by replacement of the labile acetonitrile ligand. Under an atmosphere of argon, complex 3 reacts with chloroform to give an equimolecular mixture of the cis and trans isomers of [{Rh(PhBP3)(H)(μ-Cl)}2] and, eventually, complex [Rh(PhBP3)Cl2] in one day.
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ruthenium catalyst 8Rhacetonitrile ligandcinnamaldehyderhodium systemheterolytic activationform dihydride intermediatestrans isomersHBF 4hydride ligandsmonohydride intermediatesComplex 8allyl alcoholcationic speciesSelective Hydrogenationhydrogen transferCOoxidative additionsubstrate routetripodal phosphanoborate ligandTOFphosphane armsequimolecular mixtureRuthenium ComplexesThe complexes
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