Revolutionizing Glucose Monitoring: Enzyme-Free 2D-MoS₂ Nanostructures for Ultra-Sensitive Glucose Sensors with Real-Time Health-Monitoring Capabilities

The growing requirement for real-time monitoring of health factors such as heart rate, temperature, and blood glucose levels has resulted in an increase in demand for electrochemical sensors. This study focuses on enzyme-free glucose sensors based on 2D-MoS₂ nanostructures explored by simple hydrothermal route. The 2D-MoS₂ nanostructures were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS techniques and were immobilized at GCE to obtain MoS₂–GCE interface. The fabricated interface was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy which shows less charge transfer resistance and demonstrated superior electrocatalytic properties of the modified surface. The sensing interface was applied for the detection of glucose using amperometry. The MoS₂–GCE-sensing interface responded effectively as a nonenzymatic glucose sensor (NEGS) over a linearity range of 0.01–0.20 μM with a very low detection limit of 22.08 ng mL^–1. This study demonstrates an easy method for developing a MoS₂-GCE interface, providing a potential option for the construction of flexible and disposable nonenzymatic glucose sensors (NEGS). Moreover, the fabricated MoS₂–GCE electrode precisely detected glucose molecules in real blood serum and urine samples of diabetic and nondiabetic persons. These findings suggest that 2D-MoS₂ nanostructured materials show considerable promise as a possible option for hyperglycemia detection and therapy. Furthermore, the development of NEGS might create new prospects in the glucometer industry.