Rapidly Screening the Correlation between the Rotational Mobility and the Hydrogen Bonding Strength of Confined Water

Automated Deuterium Relaxation-Ordered SpectroscopY in solution (ADROSYS), an automated two-dimensional deuterium NMR methodology, discriminates between D₂O populations (as well as deuterium-labeled alcohol groups) whose properties differ as a result of being confined inside nanoscale volumes. In this contribution, a proof-of-principle demonstration on reverse micelles (RMs) yields the insight that as the length scale of the confinement decreases from several nanometers down to less than a nanometer, the position of the signal peak migrates through the two-dimensional (2D) spectrum, tracing out a distinctive path in the 2D space (of relaxation time vs chemical shift). The signals typically follow a relatively gentle linear path for water confined on the scale of several nanometers, before curving once the surfactants confine the water molecules to length scales smaller than 1–2 nm. The qualitative shape of this path, especially in the regime of strong confinement, can change with different choices of surfactants, i.e., a different choice of chemistry at the edges of the confining environment. An important facet of this research was to demonstrate the relatively wide applicability of these techniques by showing that both: (1) Standard modern NMR instrumentation is capable of deploying an automated measurement, even though the choice of a deuterium nucleus is nonstandard and frequently requires companion proton spectra in order to reference the chemical shifts; and (2) well-established (though underutilized) modern techniques can process the resulting signal even though it involves the somewhat unusual combination of chemical shifts along one dimension and a distribution of relaxation times along another dimension. In addition to demonstrating that this technique can be deployed across many samples of interest, detailed facts pertaining to the broadening or shifting of resulting signals upon inclusion of various guest molecules are also discussed.