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Download filePore Size of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone/Polyethylene Glycol/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Affects Bone Regeneration by Modulating Macrophage Polarization and the Foreign Body Response
journal contribution
posted on 2022-05-02, 20:08 authored by Wenfeng Li, Fang Dai, Shan Zhang, Fancheng Xu, Zhiyong Xu, Shousheng Liao, Liangtao Zeng, Li Song, Fanrong Ai3D-printed
porous bioactive ceramic scaffolds have been widely
used in bone defect repair. However, material implantation is often
accompanied by a foreign body response (FBR), which may affect host
tissue regeneration. The physical properties of biomaterials, including
shape, pore size, and porosity, control the relevant immune responses
during tissue regeneration. To the best of our knowledge, the effect
of the pore size of 3D-printed scaffolds on the immune response and
bone–biomaterial integration has not been studied in vivo.
Polycaprolactone/polyethylene glycol/hydroxyapatite (PCL/PEG/HA) bioactive
scaffolds with different pore sizes, including 209.9 ± 77.1 μm
(P200), 385.5 ± 28.6 μm (P400), and 582.1 ± 27.2 μm
(P600), were prepared with a pneumatic extrusion 3D printer. Compared
with other pore sizes, P600 significantly reduced the FBR and induced
more M2 macrophage infiltration, vascular ingrowth, and new bone formation.
Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the MyD88 protein might
be involved in macrophage polarization-related signal transduction
in response to the pore size. Based on these results, bone regeneration
requires the active participation of the immune response, and the
P600 PCL/PEG/HA scaffold is a preferable candidate for the repair
of bone defects.
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related signal transductionmyd88 protein mightimmunohistochemical staining revealed9 ± 775 ± 28new bone formationm2 macrophage infiltrationrelevant immune responses1 ± 27p600 significantly reducedp200 ), 385bone regeneration requiresmodulating macrophage polarizationforeign body responsedifferent pore sizesbone defect repairmacrophage polarizationpore sizesbone defectsp600 ),tissue regenerationimmune response1 μmpore sizep400 ),widely usedvascular ingrowthprinted scaffoldspreferable candidatepolyethylene glycolphysical propertiesoften accompaniedmaterial implantationincluding shapeincluding 209bioactive scaffoldsactive participation6 μm2 μm