Magnetic Properties of π‑Conjugated Hybrid Phenoxyl–Nitroxide Radicals with Extended π‑Spin Delocalization

A series of stable and genuinely organic open-shell systems, π-conjugated phenoxyl–nitroxide free radicals (hybrid phenoxyl–nitroxide radicals), have been synthesized and their magnetic properties in the crystalline state investigated, revealing their usefulness as new building blocks for molecular magnetic materials. The salient electronic structure of the hybrid phenoxyl–nitroxide radicals is extended π-spin delocalization from the nitroxide moiety, mediating the localization effect intrinsic to nitroxide radicals. Five representative hybrid radicals containing an aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic substituent in the side part of the compact hybrid radical centers were synthesized, and their molecular/crystal structures in the crystalline state were determined by X-ray diffraction analyses. CW X-band ESR, ¹H-ENDOR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations for the hybrid radicals confirmed that an unpaired spin delocalizes over the whole molecular frame including the nonconjugated fragments, suggesting the possibility of tuning their electronic properties through substituent effects in the crystalline state. Significant influence of the phenoxyl moiety on the electronic structure was analyzed in terms of the g-tensor calculations. The SQUID magnetization measurements revealed that the nitroxides bearing alkyl or aromatic substituents behave as 3D Curie–Weiss paramagnets with weak antiferromagnetic (AFM) (Θ = −1 to −2.6 K) or ferromagnetic (FM) (Θ = +0.33 K) spin–spin exchange interactions. On the other hand, heteroaromatically substituted hybrid phenoxyl–nitroxide showed significant AFM interactions with J/k_B = −25.6 K. The analysis of the bulk magnetic properties based on the crystallographic data and DFT calculations revealed competition between the intermolecular AFM and FM interactions which originate from the C–O­(phenoxyl)···Me­(nitroxide) or (N)­O–C­(arom) infinite 1D head-to-tail chains and the C­(arom)–C­(arom) head-over-tail dimers forming 3D networks in their crystal lattices.