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Lead Relative Bioavailability in Lip Products and Their Potential Health Risk to Women
journal contribution
posted on 2016-05-17, 00:00 authored by Di Zhao, Jie Li, Chao Li, Albert L. Juhasz, Kirk G. Scheckel, Jun Luo, Hong-Bo Li, Lena Q. MaRecent
studies have investigated lead (Pb) concentrations in lip
products but little is known about its oral bioavailability. In this
study, 75 lipsticks and 18 lip glosses were assessed for Pb concentration,
while 15 samples were assessed for Pb relative bioavailability (RBA,
relative to Pb acetate absorption) using a mouse femur assay. Lead
concentrations were 0.2–10 185 mg kg–1, with 21 samples exceeding the Chinese limit of 40 mg kg–1. Samples with orange and pink colors and/or low cost contained higher
Pb concentrations. For samples with Pb > 7500 mg kg–1, Pb was present due to the addition of lead chromate (PbCrO4) as a colorant, which was confirmed by X-ray absorption near-edge
structure analysis. Lead-RBA in 15 samples (87–10 185
mg kg–1) ranged from 23% to 95%, being significantly
higher in moderate Pb (56–95%; 87–300 mg kg–1) than high Pb samples (23–48%; >300 mg kg–1). The calculation of Pb intake based on Pb-RBA showed that lip product
ingestion contributed 5.4–68% of the aggregate Pb exposure
for women depending on Pb concentration. The high Pb concentration
in some lip products together with their moderate Pb-RBA suggests
that lip product ingestion is a potential health concern to women.