posted on 2021-09-07, 21:32authored byTina Heravi, Jiewen Shen, Spencer Johnson, Matthew C. Asplund, David V. Dearden
We
report data that suggest complexes with alkali cations capping
the portals of cucurbit[5]uril (CB[5]) bind halide anions size-selectively
as observed in the gas phase: Cl– binds inside the
CB[5] cavity, Br– is observed both inside and outside,
and I– binds weakly outside. This is reflected in
sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation
(SORI-CID) experiments: all detected Cl– complexes
dissociate at higher energies, and Br– complexes
exhibit unusual bimodal dissociation behavior, with part of the ion
population dissociating at very low energies and the remainder dissociating
at significantly higher energies comparable to those observed for
Cl–. Decoherence cross sections measured in SF6 using cross-sectional areas by Fourier transform ion cyclotron
resonance techniques for [CB[5] + M2X]+ (M =
Na, X = Cl or Br) are comparable to or less than that of [CB[5] +
Na]+ over a wide energy range, suggesting that Cl– or Br– in these complexes are bound inside the
CB[5] cavity. In contrast, [CB[5] + K2Br]+ has
a cross section measured about 20% larger than that of [CB[5] + Na]+, suggesting external binding that may correspond with the
weakly bound component seen in SORI. While I– complexes
with alkali cation caps were not observed, alkaline earth iodides
with CB[5] yielded complexes with cross sections 5–10% larger
than that of [CB[5] + Na]+, suggesting externally bound
iodide. Geometry optimization at the M06-2X/6-31+G* level of ab initio theory suggests that internal anion binding is
energetically favored by approximately 50–200 kJ mol–1 over external binding; thus, the externally bound complexes observed
experimentally must be due to large energetic barriers hindering the
passing of large anions through the CB[5] portal, preventing access
to the interior. Calculation of the barriers to anion egress using
MMFF//M06-2X/6-31+G* theory supports this idea and suggests that the
size-selective binding we observe is due to anion size-dependent differences
in the barriers.