Glycan-Imprinted Nanoparticle as Artificial Neutralizing Antibody for Efficient HIV‑1 Recognition and Inhibition

The HIV-1 envelope is a heavily glycosylated class 1 trimeric fusion protein responsible for viral entry into CD4⁺ immune cells. Developing neutralizing antibodies against the specific envelope glycans is an alternative method for antiviral therapies. This work presents the first-ever development and characterization of artificial neutralizing antibodies using molecular imprinting technology to recognize and bind to the envelope protein of HIV-1. The prepared envelope glycan-imprinted nanoparticles (GINPs) can successfully prevent HIV-1 from infecting target cells by shielding the glycans on the envelope protein. In vitro experiments showed that GINPs have strong affinity toward HIV-1 (K_d = 36.7 ± 2.2 nM) and possess high anti-interference and specificity. GINPs demonstrate broad inhibition activity against both tier 1 and tier 2 HIV-1 strains with a pM-level IC₅₀ and exhibit a significant inhibitory effect on long-term viral replication by more than 95%. The strategy provides a promising method for the inhibition and therapy of HIV-1 infection.