Fluorinated Hafnium and Zirconium Coenable the Tunable Biodegradability of Core–Multishell Heterogeneous Nanocrystals for Bioimaging

Upconversion (UC)/downconversion (DC)-luminescent lanthanide-doped nanocrystals (LDNCs) with near-infrared (NIR, 650–1700 nm) excitation have been gaining increasing popularity in bioimaging. However, conventional NIR-excited LDNCs cannot be degraded and eliminated eventually in vivo owing to intrinsic “rigid” lattices, thus constraining clinical applications. A biodegradability-tunable heterogeneous core–shell–shell luminescent LDNC of Na₃HfF₇:Yb,Er@Na₃ZrF₇:Yb,Er@CaF₂:Yb,Zr (abbreviated as HZC) was developed and modified with oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) for multimode bioimaging. The dynamic “soft” lattice-Na₃Hf(Zr)F₇ host and the varying Zr⁴⁺ doping content in the outmoster CaF₂ shell endowed HZC with tunable degradability. Through elaborated core–shell–shell coating, Yb³⁺/Er³⁺-coupled UC red and green and DC second near-infrared (NIR-II) emissions were, respectively, enhanced by 31.23-, 150.60-, and 19.42-fold when compared with core nanocrystals. HZC generated computed tomography (CT) imaging contrast effects, thus enabling NIR-II/CT/UC trimodal imaging. OSA modification not only ensured the exemplary biocompatibility of HZC but also enabled tumor-specific diagnosis. The findings would benefit the clinical imaging translation of LDNCs.