Fibrin-Targeted and H₂O₂‑Responsive Nanoparticles as a Theranostics for Thrombosed Vessels

A thrombus (blood clot) is formed in injured vessels to maintain the integrity of vasculature. However, obstruction of blood vessels by thrombosis slows blood flow, leading to death of tissues fed by the artery and is the main culprit of various life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we report a rationally designed nanomedicine that could specifically image obstructed vessels and inhibit thrombus formation. On the basis of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of thrombi such as an abundance of fibrin and an elevated level of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), we developed a fibrin-targeted imaging and antithrombotic nanomedicine, termed FTIAN, as a theranostic system for obstructive thrombosis. FTIAN inhibited the generation of H₂O₂ and suppressed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in activated platelets, demonstrating its intrinsic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet activity. In a mouse model of ferric chloride (FeCl₃)-induced carotid thrombosis, FTIAN specifically targeted the obstructive thrombus and significantly enhanced the fluorescence/photoacoustic signal. When loaded with the antiplatelet drug tirofiban, FTIAN remarkably suppressed thrombus formation. Given its thrombus-specific imaging along with excellent therapeutic activities, FTIAN offers tremendous translational potential as a nanotheranostic agent for obstructive thrombosis.