Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Constituents and Human Semen Quality Decline: A Multicenter Study

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM < 2.5 μm in diameter [PM_2.5]) may accelerate human sperm quality decline, although research on this association is limited. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between exposure to the chemical constituents of PM_2.5 air pollution and decreased sperm quality and to further explore the exposure–response relationship. We conducted a multicenter population-based cohort study including 78,952 semen samples from 33,234 donors at 6 provincial human sperm banks (covering central, northern, southern, eastern, and southwestern parts of China) between 2014 and 2020. Daily exposure to PM_2.5 chemical composition was estimated using a deep learning model integrating a density ground-based measure network at a 1 km resolution. Linear mixed models with subject- and center-specific intercepts were used to quantify the harmful impacts of PM_2.5 constituents on semen quality and explore their exposure–response relationships. Per interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM_2.5 exposure levels during spermatogenesis was significantly associated with decreased sperm concentration, progressive motility, and total motility. For PM_2.5 constituents, per IQR increment in Cl^– (β: −0.02, 95% CI: [−0.03, −0.00]) and NO₃^– (β: −0.05, 95% CI: [−0.08, −0.02]) exposure was negatively associated with sperm count, while NH₄⁺ (β: −0.03, 95% CI: [−0.06, −0.00]) was significantly linked to decreased progressive motility. These results suggest that exposure to PM_2.5 chemical constituents may adversely affect human sperm quality, highlighting the urgent need to reduce PM_2.5 exposure.