Duocarmycins Binding to DNA Investigated by Molecular Simulation^†

Duocarmycins are a potent class of antitumor agents, whose activity arises through their covalent binding to adenine nucleobases of DNA.− Here, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) and hybrid Car−Parinello QM/MM simulations to investigate aspects of duocarmycin binding to the d(pGpApCpTpApApTpTpGpApC) oligonucleotide. We focus on the derivatives (+)-duocarmycin SA (DSA) and (+)-duocarmycin SI (DSI), for which structural information of the covalent complex with the oligonucleotide is available, as well as on the related, but less reactive, NBOC−duocarmycin SA (NBOC−DSA), interacting with the same oligonucleotide. Comparison is made with adenine alkylation reaction in water performed by the smallest of these compounds (NBOC−DSA). The MD calculations suggest that, in noncovalent complexes, (i) drug binding causes a partial dehydration of the minor groove, without inducing a significant conformational changes, and (ii) DSA and DSI occupy a more favorable position for nucleophilic attack than NBOC−DSA, consistently with the lower reactivity of the latter. The QM/MM calculations, which are used to investigate the first step of the alkylation reaction, turn out to provide strongly underestimated free energy barriers. Within these approximations, our calculations suggest that an important ingredient for the experimentally observed DNA catalytic power is the polarization of the drug by the biomolecular scaffold.