Direct Observation of Ultrafast Exciton Dissociation in Lead Iodide Perovskite by 2D Electronic Spectroscopy

The unprecedented success of hybrid organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites in photovoltaics motivates fundamental research to unravel the underlying microscopic mechanism for photoinduced charge generation. Recent studies suggest that most photoexcitations in perovskites are free charge carriers, although the contribution of the electron–hole pairs (i.e., excitons) at room temperature has been a matter of debate. We have employed ultrafast two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy to directly probe the elementary optical excitation of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ thin films with ∼16 fs temporal resolution. We distinctly capture the ultrafast dissociation of excitons to the charge carriers at room temperature and at 180 K. Interestingly, we also observe that the coherent oscillations of the off-diagonal signals in the 2D electronic spectra live for ∼50 fs at room temperature. The entropy-driven dissociation of excitons to charge carriers happens within the electronic dephasing time scale and is favored by the low exciton binding energy, which we determine to be ∼12 meV at room temperature. This ultrafast dissociation of excitons to charge carriers can be one of the important contributions to the high efficiency of perovskite-based photovoltaics.