posted on 2019-08-08, 13:37authored byHartmut Yersin, Larisa Mataranga-Popa, Rafał Czerwieniec, Yan Dovbii
Usually,
development of organic molecules with efficient thermally activated
delayed fluorescence (TADF) focuses on minimizing the energy gap between
the lowest singlet and triplet state. However, although this is crucial,
it is not sufficient for optimizing the emitter’s molecular
and electronic structure for OLED use. Here, we present a design strategy
that leads us not only to a new type of emitter but also to a new
exciton harvesting mechanism. This concept is realized (i) by drastically
reducing the energy gap between the lowest singlet and triplet energy
states, (ii) by rigidifying the molecular structure to reduce inhomogeneity
effects that usually induce long emission decay tails lying even in
the millisecond time range, (iii) by maximizing the Franck–Condon
factors that govern intersystem crossing (ISC), (iv) by shifting the
charge transfer states, 1CT and 3CT, to become
the lowest energy states applying polarity tuning, and (v) by providing
energetically nearby lying states for spin–orbit coupling (SOC)
and configuration interaction (CI) paths to speed up ISC. Using this
concept, we design an “almost zero-gap” compound showing
ΔE(1CT–3CT) ≈
16 cm–1 (2 meV). Thus, thermal activation is no
longer a time delaying key problem at T = 300 K.
Moreover, if the emitter is applied in an OLED, fast ISC will allow
us to harvest all singlet and triplet excitons through emission from
the lowest excited CT singlet state. This benchmark mechanism, the
direct singlet harvesting (DSH) mechanism, offers the great advantage
of a significant reduction of the overall emission decay time to the
submicrosecond range. This is a shorter decay than found for TADF
emission so far. Accordingly, this mechanism leads us to beyond TADF
toward a new era in the design of OLED emitters and opens the way
for reducing stability problems and roll-off effects.