Coupling of Biocomputing Systems with Electronic Chips: Electronic Interface for Transduction of Biochemical Information

Electronic transduction of biochemical signals processed by the enzyme-based OR-Reset/AND-Reset logic systems was achieved using field-effect Si chips. The developed enzyme logic systems produced pH changes as the result of biochemical reactions activated by different combinations of the chemical input signals. Signal transduction was performed by pH-responding gold nanoparticles associated with the chip interface. The transformation of the nanoparticle shells between the dissociated (negatively charged) and protonated (neutral) states was determined using capacitance−voltage or impedance spectroscopy measurements, resulting in an electronic signal that reflects the state of the system corresponding to the logic output produced by the enzymes. The developed systems are the first examples of enzyme-based biocomputing systems interfaced with ordinary Si-based electronics.