Component Matters: Paving the Roadmap toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of Graphitic C₃N₄‑Based Catalysts via Atomic Tuning

Atomically precise understanding of componential influences is crucial for looking into the reaction mechanism and controlled synthesis of efficient electrocatalysts. Herein, by means of comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies, we carefully examine the effects of component dopants on the catalytic performance of graphitic C₃N₄ (g-C₃N₄)-based electrocatalysts. The g-C₃N₄ monoliths with three types of dopant elements (B, P, and S) embedded in different sites (either C or N) of the C–N skeleton are rationally designed and synthesized. The kinetics, intrinsic activity, charge-transfer process, and intermediate adsorption/desorption free energy of the selected catalysts in oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. We demonstrate that the component aspect within the g-C₃N₄ motifs has distinct and substantial effects on the corresponding electroactivities, and proper component element engineering can be a viable yet efficient protocol to render the metal-free composites as competent catalysts rivaling the metallic counterparts. We hope that this study may shed light on the empirical trial-and-error exploration in design and development of g-C₃N₄-based materials as well as other metal-free catalysts for energy-related electrocatalytic reactions.