Capturing CO₂ in Quadrupolar Binding Pockets: Broadband Microwave Spectroscopy of Pyrimidine-(CO₂)_n, n = 1,2

Pyrimidine has two in-plane CH­(δ+)/N̈(δ−)/CH­(δ+) binding sites that are complementary to the (δ−/2δ+/δ−) quadrupole moment of CO₂. We recorded broadband microwave spectra over the 7.5–17.5 GHz range for pyrimidine-(CO₂)_n with n = 1 and 2 formed in a supersonic expansion. Based on fits of the rotational transitions, including nuclear hyperfine splitting due to the two ¹⁴N nuclei, we have assigned 313 hyperfine components across 105 rotational transitions for the n = 1 complex and 208 hyperfine components across 105 rotational transitions for the n = 2 complex. The pyrimidine-CO₂ complex is planar, with CO₂ occupying one of the quadrupolar binding sites, forming a structure in which the CO₂ is stabilized in the plane by interactions with the C–H hydrogens adjacent to the nitrogen atom. This structure is closely analogous to that of the pyridine-CO₂ complex studied previously by (Doran, J. L.J. Mol. Struct. 2012, 1019, 191–195). The fit to the n = 2 cluster gives rotational constants consistent with a planar cluster of C_2v symmetry in which the second CO₂ molecule binds in the second quadrupolar binding pocket on the opposite side of the ring. The calculated total binding energy in pyrimidine-CO₂ is −13.7 kJ mol^–1, including corrections for basis set superposition error and zero-point energy, at the CCSD­(T)/ 6-311++G­(3df,2p) level, while that in pyrimidine-(CO₂)₂ is almost exactly double that size, indicating little interaction between the two CO₂ molecules in the two binding sites. The enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of binding are also calculated at 300 K within the harmonic oscillator/rigid-rotor model. This model is shown to lack quantitative accuracy when it is applied to the formation of weakly bound complexes.