Bioengineered Boronic Ester Modified Dextran Polymer Nanoparticles as Reactive Oxygen Species Responsive Nanocarrier for Ischemic Stroke Treatment

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and death worldwide. Current drug delivery vehicles for the treatment of ischemic stroke are less than satisfactory, in large part due to their short circulation lives, lack of specific targeting to the ischemic site, and poor controllability of drug release. In light of the upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ischemic neuron, we herein developed a bioengineered ROS-responsive nanocarrier for stroke-specific delivery of a neuroprotective agent, NR2B9C, against ischemic brain damage. The nanocarrier is composed of a dextran polymer core modified with ROS-responsive boronic ester and a red blood cell (RBC) membrane shell with stroke homing peptide (SHp) inserted. These targeted “core–shell” nanoparticles (designated as SHp-RBC-NP) could thus have controlled release of NR2B9C triggered by high intracellular ROS in ischemic neurons after homing to ischemic brain tissues. The potential of the SHp-RBC-NP for ischemic stroke therapy was systematically evaluated in vitro and in rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In vitro results showed that the SHp-RBC-NP had great protective effects on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in PC-12 cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) testing further demonstrated that the bioengineered nanoparticles can drastically prolong the systemic circulation of NR2B9C, enhance the active targeting of the ischemic area in the MCAO rats, and reduce ischemic brain damage.