es6b04868_si_001.pdf (5.07 MB)
Air Quality Impacts of Electrifying Vehicles and Equipment Across the United States
journal contribution
posted on 2017-02-21, 20:23 authored by Uarporn Nopmongcol, John Grant, Eladio Knipping, Mark Alexander, Rob Schurhoff, David Young, Jaegun Jung, Tejas Shah, Greg YarwoodU.S.-wide air quality
impacts of electrifying vehicles and off-road equipment are estimated
for 2030 using 3-D photochemical air quality model and detailed emissions
inventories. Electrification reduces tailpipe emissions and emissions
from petroleum refining, transport, and storage, but increases electricity
demand. The Electrification Case assumes approximately 17% of light
duty and 8% of heavy duty vehicle miles traveled and from 17% to 79%
of various off-road equipment types considered good candidates for
electrification is powered by electricity. The Electrification Case
raises electricity demand by 5% over the 2030 Base Case but nitrogen
oxide (NOx) emissions decrease by 209
thousand tons (3%) overall. Emissions of other criteria pollutants
also decrease. Air quality benefits of electrification are modest,
mostly less than 1 ppb for ozone and 0.5 μg m–3 for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), but widespread.
The largest reductions for ozone and PM occur in urban areas due to
lower mobile source emissions. Electrifying off-road equipment yields
more benefits than electrifying on-road vehicles. Reduced crude oil
imports and associated marine vessel emissions cause additional benefits
in port cities. Changes in other gas and PM emissions, as well as
impacts on acid and nutrient deposition, are discussed.