Advancing High-Performance Piezoelectric Nanogenerators: Simple Electric Field Switching for Orientated and Aligned BaTiO₃/PDMS Composite

Barium titanate (BaTiO₃) is renowned for its high dielectric constant and remarkable piezoelectric attributes, positioning it as a key element in the advancement of environmentally sustainable devices. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) that integrate BaTiO₃ nanoparticles (NPs) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) poses a challenge, thereby restricting their utility in energy harvesting applications. This study presents a direct approach involving the cyclic manipulation of direct current (DC) power supply terminals to achieve unidirectional alignment of BaTiO₃ NPs within a PDMS matrix, aiming to enhance the performance of the PENGs. Examination of the morphology and evaluation of diffraction planes, notably (111) and (200), in the aligned BaTiO₃ PENGs exhibited well-oriented structures resulting from the repetitive switching between two electrodes, leading to improved piezoelectric properties. The BaTiO₃ PENGs manifested notably higher output power (∼15 V and 1.91 μA) in contrast to devices containing randomly distributed polarized BaTiO₃–PDMS composite films. The generated power was sufficient to directly operate six light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected in series, with a collective nominal voltage of around 14 V, encompassing red, green, and blue LEDs. Nanoindentation verified the enhanced piezoelectric characteristics attributed to the alignment, sensitivity to bending, and energy-cohesive effects of clustered BaTiO₃ one-dimensional (1D) pillars. These findings suggest a widely applicable technique for aligning and situating nanoparticles vertically within a polymer matrix, exploiting the intrinsic dielectric properties of the nanoparticles through a straightforward electric field switching mechanism.