Mechanistic Significance of the Si–O–Pd Bond in the Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Arylsilanolates

Through the combination of reaction kinetics (both stoichiometric and catalytic), solution- and solid-state characterization of aryl­palladium­(II) aryl­silanol­ates, and computational analysis, the intermediacy of covalent adducts containing Si–O–Pd linkages in the cross-coupling reactions of aryl­silanol­ates has been unambiguously established. Two mechanistically distinct pathways have been demonstrated: (1) transmetalation via a neutral 8-Si-4 intermediate that dominates in the absence of free silanolate (i.e., stoichiometric reactions of aryl­palladium­(II) aryl­silanol­ate complexes), and (2) transmetalation via an anionic 10-Si-5 intermediate that dominates in the cross-coupling under catalytic conditions (i.e., in the presence of free silanolate). Aryl­palladium­(II) aryl­silanol­ate complexes bearing various phosphine ligands have been isolated, fully characterized, and evaluated for their kinetic competence under thermal (stoichiometric) and anionic (catalytic) conditions. Comparison of the rates for thermal and anionic activation suggested, but did not prove, that intermediates containing the Si–O–Pd linkage were involved in the cross-coupling process. The isolation of a coordinatively unsaturated, T-shaped aryl­palladium­(II) aryl­silanol­ate complex ligated with t-Bu₃P allowed the unambiguous demonstration of the operation of both pathways involving 8-Si-4 and 10-Si-5 intermediates. Three kinetic regimes were identified: (1) with 0.5–1.0 equiv of added silanolate (with respect to aryl­palladium bromide), thermal transmetalation via a neutral 8-Si-4 intermediate; (2) with 1.0–5.0 equiv of added silanolate, activated transmetalation via an anionic 10-Si-5 intermediate; and (3) with >5.0 equiv of added silanolate, concentration-independent (saturation) activated transmetalation via an anionic 10-Si-5 intermediate. Transition states for the intramolecular transmetalation of neutral (8-Si-4) and anionic (10-Si-5) intermediates have been located computationally, and the anionic pathway is favored by 1.8 kcal/mol. The energies of all intermediates and transition states are highly dependent on the configuration around the palladium atom.