Identification of Novel Resorcinol Amide Derivatives as Potent and Specific Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDHK) Inhibitors

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDHKs) promote abnormal respiration in cancer cells. Studies with novel resorcinol amide derivatives based on VER-246608 (<b>6</b>) led to the identification of <b>19n</b> and <b>19t</b> containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings as unique structural features. These substances possess single-digit nanomolar activities against PDHKs. <b>19t</b> exhibits higher potencies against PDHK1/2/4 than does <b>6</b> and inhibits only PDHKs among 366 kinases. Moreover, <b>19g</b>, <b>19l</b>, and <b>19s</b> were found to be isotype-selective PDHK inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations provide a better understanding of how the heteroaromatic rings affect the activities of <b>19n</b> and <b>19t</b> on PDHK1/2/3/4. Moreover, <b>19n</b> possesses a much higher antiproliferative activity against cancer cells than does <b>6</b>. We demonstrated that the results of PDH assays better correlate with cellular activities than do those of PDHK kinase assays. Furthermore, <b>19n</b> induces apoptosis of cancer cells via mitochondrial dysfunction, suppresses tumorigenesis, and displays a synergistic effect on satraplatin suppression of cancer cell proliferation.