nn9b01015_si_003.xlsx (559.25 kB)
Voltammetric Determination of the Stochastic Formation Rate and Geometry of Individual H2, N2, and O2 Bubble Nuclei
dataset
posted on 2019-03-22, 00:00 authored by Martin A. Edwards, Henry S. White, Hang RenHerein,
we report a general voltammetric method to characterize
the electrochemical nucleation rate and nuclei of single nanobubbles.
Bubble nucleation is indicated by a sharp peak in the current in the
voltammetry of gas-evolving reactions. In contrast to expectations
based on the stochastic nature of nucleation events, the peak current
signifying a stable nucleus is extremely reproducible over hundreds
of cycles (∼3% deviation). By applying classical nucleation
theory, this seemingly deterministic behavior can be not only understood
but also used to quantify the nucleation rate and size of bubble nuclei.
A statistical model is developed whereby properties of single critical
nuclei (contact angle, the radius of curvature, activation energy,
and Arrhenius pre-exponential factor) can be readily measured from
the narrow distribution of peak currents (mean, standard deviation)
from hundreds of voltammetric cycles at a nanoelectrode. Single nanobubbles
formed from gas-evolving reactions (H2 from H+ reduction, N2 from N2H4 oxidation,
O2 from H2O2 oxidation) are analyzed
to find that their critical nuclei have contact angles of ∼150,
∼160, and ∼154° for H2, N2, and O2, respectively, corresponding to ∼50, ∼40,
and ∼90 gas molecules in each nucleus. The energy barriers
for heterogeneous nucleation of H2, N2, and
O2 bubbles are, respectively, 2, 0.4, and 0.7% of those
required for homogeneous nucleation under the same supersaturation.