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Synthesis of a New Class of 1,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,3-butadiene Bridged Diphosphine, NUPHOS, via Zirconium-Mediated Reductive Coupling of Alkynes and Diynes: Applications in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions
journal contribution
posted on 2002-03-07, 00:00 authored by Simon Doherty, Edward G. Robins, Mark Nieuwenhuyzen, Julian G. Knight, Paul A. Champkin, William CleggZirconium-mediated inter- and intramolecular reductive cyclization of alkynes and diynes has
been used to prepare a new class of bidentate phosphine, based on a four-carbon sp2-hybridized
tether. Intermolecular coupling of diphenylacetylene and but-2-yne with Negishi's reagent followed
by transmetalation with copper chloride prior to quenching with chlorodiphenylphosphine affords
the corresponding acyclic diphosphines 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (2a; 1,2,3,4-Ph4-NUPHOS) and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-1,3-butadiene
(2b; 1,2,3,4-Me4-NUPHOS), respectively. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of the former has been
obtained. Surprisingly, 1-phenylpropyne undergoes a highly regioselective reductive cyclization
to afford 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,3-diphenyl-2,4-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (2c; 1,3-Ph2-2,4-Me2-NUPHOS). Similarly, transmetalation of the zirconacyclopentadiene generated from 3,9-dodecadiyne and 1,8-diphenyloctadiyne followed by electrophilic liberation of the resulting copper
diene reagent with chlorodiphenylphosphine gave 1,2-bis(1-(diphenylphosphino)prop-1-ylidene)cyclohexane (2d; 1,4-Et2-2,3-cyclo-C6H8-NUPHOS) and 1,2-bis(1-(diphenylphosphino)benzylidene)cyclohexane (2e; 1,4-Ph2-2,3-cyclo-C6H8-NUPHOS), respectively. This methodology provides a
convenient and versatile one-pot synthesis of a wide range of 1,3-diene bridged diphosphines.
Single-crystal X-ray analyses of [(1,2,3,4-Ph4-NUPHOS)PdCl2], [(1,3-Ph2-2,4-Me2-NUPHOS)PdCl2],
and [(1,4-Ph2-2,3-cyclo-C6H8-NUPHOS)PtCl2] reveal that these new phosphines coordinate to
palladium and platinum in much the same manner as BINAP and dpbp, with a significant
torsional twist about the C(2)−C(3) bond of the backbone. The copper diphosphine intermediate
[Cu(1,4-Et2-2,3-cyclo-C6H8-NUPHOS)Cl]2 (1d) has also been isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis and exists as the chloro-bridged dimer in which the 1,2-bis(1-(diphenylphosphino)prop-1-ylidene)cyclohexane coordinates in a bidentate manner. Palladium complexes
of these new diphosphines are highly active for the cross-coupling of bromobenzene and sec-butylmagnesium bromide. Catalyst mixtures based on 1,2,3,4-Ph4-NUPHOS are far superior to
those based on BINAP, with activities of 6900 and 260 (mol of product) (mol of palladium)-1 h-1,
respectively. In fact, catalysts based on 1,2,3,4-Ph4-NUPHOS are ∼30 times more active than
the most active catalyst reported to date for this coupling. In comparison, the selectivity of the
corresponding cross-coupling with 2-bromopropene depends markedly on the nature of the
NUPHOS derivative. In general, those based on NUPHOS derivatives with acyclic tethers, namely
2a−c, are highly selective for the formation of 2,3-dimethylpentene, while those formed from
2d,e gave a mixture of 2,3-dimethylpentene, 2-methylhexene, and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene. The
initial TOF, measured after 20 min, also shows a marked variation on the nature of the phosphine
and while all NUPHOS-based catalysts outperform those based on BINAP, catalyst mixtures
based on dppf showed both high selectivity (>99%) and impressive activity. Mixtures of Pd2(dba)3 and the NUPHOS derivatives 2a−e also catalyze the Suzuki cross-coupling of bromobenzene
and 4-bromoacetophenone with phenyl boronic acid, with conversions up to 100% at catalyst
loadings as low as 0.0001 mol % Pd (TON = 1 × 106).