Nanoparticle-Enhanced Plasma Discharge Using Nanosecond High-Voltage Pulses

By discharging nanosecond high-voltage (5 kV) pulses across an insulating substrate containing Au, Pt, or Cu nanoparticles, a 3 order of magnitude (1000×) enhancement in the generation of plasma can be achieved through local field enhancement on the surface of the nanoparticles. The low-temperature nature of this transient plasma is crucial to maintaining the structural integrity of these delicate nanoparticles. These nanoparticles provide up to a 1000-fold enhancement in the generation of the plasma, which is localized to the surface of the nanoparticles where it is potentially useful (e.g., for catalysis). We performed both time-domain and frequency-domain calculations of the electromagnetic response of the nanoparticles based on high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images, which show local field enhancement of the nanosecond high-voltage pulse on the order of 3×. Since the plasma initiation depends exponentially on the peak electric field strength, this 3-fold increase in the local electric field can result in a several orders of magnitude increases in the generation of plasma at a given applied external field strength. In order to rule out plasmon-resonance enhancement, which is often associated with small metal nanoparticles, we performed finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations in the optical frequency domain, which show that the effect of plasmon resonance is negligible for Pt nanoparticles. We therefore attribute the nanoparticle-based enhancement to the generation of plasma (an electrostatic effect) rather than enhanced coupling of light from the near field to the far field via the plasmon resonance phenomenon (an optical effect).