Nanometer-Scale Correlations in Aqueous Salt Solutions

The intermediate-range (1–4 nm) correlation of cations, anions, and water in aqueous alkaline earth salt solutions is measured using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We differentiate from the entire solution structure factor, S_X(Q), a separate region at low Q (<1.5 Å^–1) containing local diffraction maxima (prepeaks) that indicate nanometer-scale oscillatory behavior. These features are quantitatively reproduced with classical molecular dynamics simulations. At high concentrations, the prepeaks emerge from correlations arising from the existence of small quasi close-packed lattice-like structures comprised of cation hydration spheres. We also analyze the concentration dependence of the prepeak and discuss the overall results in light of the rich literature dealing with intermediate-range correlations underlying universal phenomena in concentrated electrolytes.