From Linear Molecular Chains to Extended Polycyclic Networks: Polymerization of Dicyanoacetylene

Dicyanoacetylene (C₄N₂) is an unusual energetic molecule with alternating triple and single bonds (think miniature, nitrogen-capped carbyne), which represents an interesting starting point for the transformation into extended carbon–nitrogen solids. While pressure-induced polymerization has been documented for a wide variety of related molecular solids, precise mechanistic details of reaction pathways are often poorly understood and the characterization of recovered products is typically incomplete. Here, we study the high-pressure behavior of C₄N₂ and demonstrate polymerization into a disordered carbon–nitrogen network that is recoverable to ambient conditions. The reaction proceeds via activation of linear molecules into buckled molecular chains, which spontaneously assemble into a polycyclic network that lacks long-range order. The recovered product was characterized using a variety of optical spectroscopies, X-ray methods, and theoretical simulations and is described as a predominately sp² network comprising “pyrrolic” and “pyridinic” rings with an overall tendency toward a two-dimensional structure. This understanding offers valuable mechanistic insights into design guidelines for next-generation carbon nitride materials with unique structures and compositions.