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Extremely Robust Gas-Quenching Deposition of Halide Perovskites on Top of Hydrophobic Hole Transport Materials for Inverted (p–i–n) Solar Cells by Targeting the Precursor Wetting Issue
journal contribution
posted on 2019-10-18, 18:35 authored by Kai Oliver Brinkmann, Junjie He, Felix Schubert, Jessica Malerczyk, Cedric Kreusel, Frederic van gen Hassend, Sebastian Weber, Jun Song, Junle Qu, Thomas RiedlLead
halide perovskite solar cells afford high power conversion efficiencies,
even though the photoactive layer is formed in a solution process.
At the same time, solution processing may impose some severe dewetting
issues, especially if organic, hydrophobic charge transport layers
are considered. Ultimately, very narrow processing windows with a
relatively large spread in device performance and a considerable lab-to-lab
variation result. Here, we unambiguously identify dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO), which is commonly used as a co-solvent and complexing agent,
to be the main reason for dewetting of the precursor solution on hydrophobic
hole transport layers, such as polytriarylamine, in a gas-quenching-assisted
deposition process. In striking contrast, we will show that N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP), which has a lower hydrophilic–lipophilic-balance,
can be favorably used instead of DMSO to strongly mitigate these dewetting
issues. The resulting high-quality perovskite layers are extremely
tolerant with respect to the mixing ratio (NMP/dimethylformamide)
and other process parameters. Thus, our findings afford an outstandingly
robust, easy to use, and fail-safe deposition technique, yielding
single (MAPbI3) and double (FA0.94Cs0.06PbI3) cation perovskite solar cells with high efficiencies
(∼18.5%). Most notably, the statistical variation of the devices
is significantly reduced, even if the deposition process is performed
by different persons. We foresee that our results will further the
reliable preparation of perovskite thin films and mitigate process-to-process
variations that still hinder the prospects of upscaling perovskite
solar technology.
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hole transport layerssolutiongas-quenching-assisted deposition processpower conversion efficienciesdewetting issuesefficiencylab-to-lab variation resultExtremely Robust Gas-Quenching DepositionHydrophobic Hole Transport MaterialsNMPperovskitePrecursor Wetting Issuecharge transport layersdeviceDMSOFA 0.94 Cs 0.06 PbI 3
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