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Evaluating Environmental Governance along Cross-Border Electricity Supply Chains with Policy-Informed Life Cycle Assessment: The California–Mexico Energy Exchange
journal contribution
posted on 2018-04-09, 00:00 authored by Jose Bolorinos, Newsha K. Ajami, Gabriela Muñoz Meléndez, Robert B. JacksonThis
paper presents a “policy-informed” life cycle
assessment of a cross-border electricity supply chain that links the
impact of each unit process to its governing policy framework. An
assessment method is developed and applied to the California–Mexico
energy exchange as a unique case study. CO2-equivalent
emissions impacts, water withdrawals, and air quality impacts associated
with California’s imports of electricity from Mexican combined-cycle
facilities fueled by natural gas from the U.S. Southwest are estimated,
and U.S. and Mexican state and federal environmental regulations are
examined to assess well-to-wire consistency of energy policies. Results
indicate most of the water withdrawn per kWh exported to California
occurs in Baja California, most of the air quality impacts accrue
in the U.S. Southwest, and emissions of CO2-equivalents
are more evenly divided between the two regions. California energy
policy design addresses generation-phase CO2 emissions,
but not upstream CO2-eq emissions of methane during the
fuel cycle. Water and air quality impacts are not regulated consistently
due to varying U.S. state policies and a lack of stringent federal
regulation of unconventional gas development. Considering local impacts
and the regulatory context where they occur provides essential qualitative
information for functional-unit-based measures of life cycle impact
and is necessary for a more complete environmental impact assessment.