Electrochemical Determination of Thioredoxin Redox States

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a general protein disulfide reductase with a large number of biological functions, including its roles in human diseases. The TRX redox mechanism is based on reversible oxidation of two cysteine thiol groups to a disulfide, accompanied by the transfer of two protons. Using constant-current chronopotentiometric stripping analysis (CPSA) and the electrocatalytic TRX peak H, we have determined redox states of TRX at submicromolar TRX concentrations. A concentration of 1 nM TRX produces a well-developed peak H at moderate accumulation time without stirring. On the basis of this peak, interactions of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE, product of lipid peroxidation) with TRX and the formation of TRX−HNE adducts were studied. CPSA of TRX at a carbon electrode is less sensitive and does not discriminate between reduced and oxidized forms of TRX.