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Electrochemical Determination of TNT, DNT, RDX, and HMX with Gold Nanoparticles/Poly(Carbazole-Aniline) Film–Modified Glassy Carbon Sensor Electrodes Imprinted for Molecular Recognition of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines
journal contribution
posted on 2018-05-22, 00:00 authored by Şener Sağlam, Ayşem Üzer, Erol Erçağ, Reşat ApakSince
nitroaromatic- and nitramine-type energetic materials, mostly
arising from military activities, are persistent pollutants in soil
and groundwater, on-site sensing of these hazardous chemicals has
gained importance. A novel electrochemical sensor was designed for
detecting nitroaromatic- and nitramine-type energetic materials, relying
on gold nanoparticles (Aunano), modified glassy carbon
(GC) electrode coated with nitro-energetic memory–poly(carbazole-aniline)
copolymer (Cz-co-ANI) film (e.g., TNT memory–GC/P(Cz-co-ANI)-Aunano modified electrode). Current was
recorded against concentration to build the calibration curves that
were found to be linear within the range of 100–1000 μg
L–1 for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene
(DNT): 50–1000 μg L–1 for 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane
(RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX).
The corresponding limits of detection were 25 μg L–1 for TNT, 30 μg L–1 for DNT, and 10 μg
L–1 for both RDX and HMX, using nitro-energetic
memory–GC/P(Cz-co-ANI)-Aunano electrodes.
These electrodes were used separately, and specific determinations
were made in various mixtures of nitro-energetic materials. The developed
method could be efficiently used in electroanalyzing nitroaromatics
and nitramines in military explosives (i.e., comp B, octol, and comp
A5). The sensor electrodes were specific for the tested nitro-energetic
compounds and did not respond to paracetamol-caffeine-based analgesic
drug, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), sweetener, and sugar that can
be used as camouflage materials in passenger belongings. The developed
method was statistically validated against the standard LC–MS
reference method in contaminated clay soil samples containing TNT
and RDX explosives.
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Keywords
electroanalyzing nitroaromaticsGCcamouflage materialsHMXmethodMolecular Recognitionnitramine-typeacetylsalicylic acidRDX explosivesnovel electrochemical sensorDNTnitro-energetic compoundscalibration curvessensor electrodesANIpassenger belongingsgold nanoparticlesclay soil samplesTNTElectrochemical DeterminationLCnitro-energetic materials
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