es062367v_si_001.pdf (57.36 kB)
Drowning in Disinfection Byproducts? Assessing Swimming Pool Water
journal contribution
posted on 2007-01-15, 00:00 authored by Christian Zwiener, Susan D. Richardson, David M. De Marini, Tamara Grummt, Thomas Glauner, Fritz H. FrimmelDisinfection is mandatory for swimming pools: public
pools are usually disinfected by gaseous chlorine or sodium
hypochlorite and cartridge filters; home pools typically
use stabilized chlorine. These methods produce a variety
of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes
(THMs), which are regulated carcinogenic DBPs in
drinking water that have been detected in the blood and
breath of swimmers and of nonswimmers at indoor pools.
Also produced are halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) and
haloketones, which irritate the eyes, skin, and mucous
membranes; trichloramine, which is linked with swimming-pool-associated asthma; and halogenated derivatives of
UV sun screens, some of which show endocrine effects.
Precursors of DBPs include human body substances,
chemicals used in cosmetics and sun screens, and natural
organic matter. Analytical research has focused also on
the identification of an additional portion of unknown DBPs
using gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS)
and liquid chromatography (LC)/MS/MS with derivatization.
Children swimmers have an increased risk of developing
asthma and infections of the respiratory tract and ear. A 1.6−2.0-fold increased risk for bladder cancer has been
associated with swimming or showering/bathing with
chlorinated water. Bladder cancer risk from THM exposure
(all routes combined) was greatest among those with
the GSTT1-1 gene. This suggests a mechanism involving
distribution of THMs to the bladder by dermal/inhalation
exposure and activation there by GSTT1-1 to mutagens.
DBPs may be reduced by engineering and behavioral means,
such as applying new oxidation and filtration methods,
reducing bromide and iodide in the source water, increasing
air circulation in indoor pools, and assuring the cleanliness
of swimmers. The positive health effects gained by
swimming can be increased by reducing the potential
adverse health risks.
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air circulationasthmahome poolsHAAChildren swimmersGCDBPAnalytical researchAssessing Swimming Pool WaterDisinfectiondrinking waterUV sun screensmucous membraneschlorinated waterMSacetic acidsbody substancessun screenschlorinesodium hypochloritehealth risksgas chromatographysource waterBladder cancer riskTHM exposureLCbladder cancerDisinfection Byproductscartridge filtershealth effectsGSTTfiltration methodsdisinfection byproducts
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