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Degradation of Organic UV filters in Chlorinated Seawater Swimming Pools: Transformation Pathways and Bromoform Formation
journal contribution
posted on 2017-11-07, 00:00 authored by Tarek Manasfi, Bruno Coulomb, Sylvain Ravier, Jean-Luc BoudenneOrganic
ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in sunscreens and other
personal-care products to protect against harmful effects of exposure
to UV solar radiation. Little is known about the fate of UV filters
in seawater swimming pools disinfected with chlorine. The present
study investigated the occurrence and fate of five commonly used organic
UV filters, namely dioxybenzone, oxybenzone, avobenzone, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate,
and octocrylene, in chlorinated seawater swimming pools. Pool samples
were collected to monitor the variation of UV filter concentrations
during pool opening hours. Furthermore, laboratory-controlled chlorination
experiments were conducted in seawater spiked with UV filters to investigate
the reactivity of UV filters. Extracts of chlorination reaction samples
were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry and electron-capture
detection to identify the potentially formed byproducts. In the collected
pool samples, all the UV filters except dioxybenzone were detected.
Chlorination reactions showed that only octocrylene was stable in
chlorinated seawater. The four reactive UV filters generated brominated
transformation products and disinfection byproducts. This formation
of brominated products resulted from reactions between the reactive
UV filters and bromine, which is formed rapidly when chlorine is added
to seawater. Based on the identified byproducts, the transformation
pathways of the reactive UV filters were proposed for the first time.
Bromoform was generated by all the reactive UV filters at different
yields. Bromal hydrate was also detected as one of the byproducts
generated by oxybenzone and dioxybenzone.
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Bromoform Formation OrganicUV filterspool samples2- ethylhexyl -4-methoxycinnamatepool opening hourschlorinated seawaterchlorination reaction samplesChlorinated Seawater Swimming Poolsreactive UV filtersOrganic UV filtersbrominated transformation productslaboratory-controlled chlorination experimentsUV filter concentrations
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