Arenicolins: C‑Glycosylated Depsides from Penicillium arenicola

During investigation of the secondary metabolism of four strains of Penicillium arenicola, two new depsides, arenicolins A (1) and B (2), were isolated and characterized. Their structures were established mainly by analysis of NMR and HRMS data and by comparison with known compounds. These depsides incorporate intriguing structural features, including dual alkyl side chains and a C-glycosyl unit, with 1 also containing an acylated 2-hydroxymethyl-4,5,6-trihydroxy­cyclohexenone moiety. Although the arenicolins were produced by all strains tested, arenicolin A (1) was obtained using only one of five medium compositions employed, while arenicolin B (2) was produced in all media tested. Neither compound showed antibacterial or antifungal activity, but 1 exhibited cytotoxicity toward mammalian cell lines, including colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), neuroblastoma (IMR-32), and ductal carcinoma (BT-474), with IC₅₀ values of 7.3, 6.0, and 9.7 μM, respectively.