Enhanced Chemical Stability, Intestinal Absorption, and Intracellular Antioxidant Activity of Cyanidin-3‑<i>O</i>‑glucoside by Composite Nanogel Encapsulation Jin Feng Yinghui Wu Lixia Zhang Ying Li Songbai Liu Hua Wang Chunyang Li 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04778.s001 https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Enhanced_Chemical_Stability_Intestinal_Absorption_and_Intracellular_Antioxidant_Activity_of_Cyanidin-3_i_O_i_glucoside_by_Composite_Nanogel_Encapsulation/9792851 A composite nanogel was developed for cyanidin-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside (C3G) delivery by combining Maillard reaction and heat gelation. The starting materials utilized were ovalbumin, dextran, and pectin. C3G-loaded nanogel was spherical with a diameter of ∼185 nm, which was maintained over a wide range of pH and NaCl concentrations. The composite nanogel enhanced the chemical stability of C3G under accelerated degradation models and a simulated gastrointestinal tract. Clathrin-mediated, caveolae-mediated, and macropinocytosis-related endocytosis contributed to the higher cellular uptake of nano-C3G than that of free-C3G. The apparent permeability coefficients of C3G increased 2.16 times after nanoencapsulation. The transcytosis of the C3G-bearing nanogel occurred primarily through the clathrin-related pathway and macropinocytosis and followed the “common recycling endosomes–endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi complex–basolateral plasma membrane” route. Moreover, nano-C3G was more efficient in restoring the viability of cells and activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes than free-C3G in oxidative models, which may be attributed to the former’s high cellular absorption. 2019-09-10 14:58:38 Intracellular Antioxidant Activity cyanidin -3- O free-C 3G C 3G C 3G delivery Composite Nanogel Encapsulation Enhanced Chemical Stability C 3G nanogel nano-C 3G