10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04778.s001 Jin Feng Jin Feng Yinghui Wu Yinghui Wu Lixia Zhang Lixia Zhang Ying Li Ying Li Songbai Liu Songbai Liu Hua Wang Hua Wang Chunyang Li Chunyang Li Enhanced Chemical Stability, Intestinal Absorption, and Intracellular Antioxidant Activity of Cyanidin-3‑<i>O</i>‑glucoside by Composite Nanogel Encapsulation American Chemical Society 2019 Intracellular Antioxidant Activity cyanidin -3- O free-C 3G C 3G C 3G delivery Composite Nanogel Encapsulation Enhanced Chemical Stability C 3G nanogel nano-C 3G 2019-09-10 14:58:38 Journal contribution https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Enhanced_Chemical_Stability_Intestinal_Absorption_and_Intracellular_Antioxidant_Activity_of_Cyanidin-3_i_O_i_glucoside_by_Composite_Nanogel_Encapsulation/9792851 A composite nanogel was developed for cyanidin-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside (C3G) delivery by combining Maillard reaction and heat gelation. The starting materials utilized were ovalbumin, dextran, and pectin. C3G-loaded nanogel was spherical with a diameter of ∼185 nm, which was maintained over a wide range of pH and NaCl concentrations. The composite nanogel enhanced the chemical stability of C3G under accelerated degradation models and a simulated gastrointestinal tract. Clathrin-mediated, caveolae-mediated, and macropinocytosis-related endocytosis contributed to the higher cellular uptake of nano-C3G than that of free-C3G. The apparent permeability coefficients of C3G increased 2.16 times after nanoencapsulation. The transcytosis of the C3G-bearing nanogel occurred primarily through the clathrin-related pathway and macropinocytosis and followed the “common recycling endosomes–endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi complex–basolateral plasma membrane” route. Moreover, nano-C3G was more efficient in restoring the viability of cells and activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes than free-C3G in oxidative models, which may be attributed to the former’s high cellular absorption.