%0 Journal Article %A Olson, Jarred Z. %A Schneider, Samuel H. %A Johansson, Patrik K. %A Luk, Ting S. %A Schlenker, Cody W. %D 2019 %T Stark Tuning Rates of Organic Carbonates Used in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices %U https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Stark_Tuning_Rates_of_Organic_Carbonates_Used_in_Electrochemical_Energy_Storage_Devices/8047433 %R 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b01501.s001 %2 https://acs.figshare.com/ndownloader/files/14994590 %K Stark Tuning Rates %K vibrational Stark spectroscopy %K Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices Lithium ion batteries %K diethyl carbonate %K convergence model %K carbonyl group %K lithium ion storage %K angle-dependent equilibrium %K electrochemical reaction dynamics %K Organic Carbonates %K DEC %K LiCoO 2 %K graphite interfaces %K materials design strategies %K extrinsic interface modifiers %K EC %K MV %K dielectric function %K vibrational solvatochromism %K field exhibits %K vibrational sensitivity %K cm %K proofing future %K FEC %K field-frequency calibration %K electrochemical reactions %K line shape %K Stark effect %K carbonate-based electrolyte solvents %K fluoroethylene carbonate %K electrode interface %K response %K electrolyte solvents %K dynamics simulations %K electrochemical energy storage devices %X Lithium ion batteries frequently employ carbonate-based electrolyte solvents to support reversible lithium ion storage in response to electric fields applied to the electrode/electrolyte junction. Although these fields are critical for controlling beneficial and deleterious electrochemical reactions alike, quantifying their magnitude is a persistent challenge that inhibits our fundamental understanding of high-voltage electrochemical energy storage devices. In this study, we utilize complementary experimental techniques of vibrational Stark spectroscopy and vibrational solvatochromism in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations to determine the vibrational sensitivity (Stark tuning rate, Δμ⇀) of the carbonyl group (CO) in response to an electric field for diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). We first determine that the response of the CO group in each solvent to an externally applied electric field exhibits a second derivative line shape characteristic of the linear Stark effect. We find the magnitude of this response to be unique for each carbonate solvent based on a field-frequency calibration; Δμ⇀DEC = 0.37 cm–1/(MV/cm), Δμ⇀EC = 0.31 cm–1/(MV/cm), and Δμ⇀FEC = 0.57 cm–1/(MV/cm). We then leverage two electrostatic expressions to converge upon an angle-dependent equilibrium (open circuit) interfacial field for archetypal Li-ion battery electrode/electrolyte junctions. Based upon this convergence model, which depends explicitly on the dielectric function of the electrode interface and the projection of the field onto the dipole axis of the CO group, we estimate local fields spanning approximately 30–50 MV/cm at LiCoO2 and 84–132 MV/cm at graphite interfaces. This quantitative benchmark of Δμ⇀ for some of the most commonly used electrolyte solvents lays the groundwork for proofing future electrostatic materials design strategies, for example, by controlling electrochemical reaction dynamics using extrinsic interface modifiers. %I ACS Publications