10.1021/acsnano.8b03803.s006 Kazuya Fujimoto Kazuya Fujimoto Yuki Morita Yuki Morita Ryota Iino Ryota Iino Michio Tomishige Michio Tomishige Hirofumi Shintaku Hirofumi Shintaku Hidetoshi Kotera Hidetoshi Kotera Ryuji Yokokawa Ryuji Yokokawa Simultaneous Observation of Kinesin-Driven Microtubule Motility and Binding of Adenosine Triphosphate Using Linear Zero-Mode Waveguides American Chemical Society 2018 cytoskeletal filaments Linear Zero-Mode Waveguides Single-molecule fluorescence observation Kinesin-Driven Microtubule Motility ATP 1 μ M single-molecule observation LZMW kinesin-driven microtubule motility ZMW reflection fluorescence microscopy excitation light confinement TIRFM 2018-11-12 00:00:00 Media https://acs.figshare.com/articles/media/Simultaneous_Observation_of_Kinesin-Driven_Microtubule_Motility_and_Binding_of_Adenosine_Triphosphate_Using_Linear_Zero-Mode_Waveguides/7392638 Single-molecule fluorescence observation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a powerful tool to elucidate the chemomechanical coupling of ATP with a motor protein. However, in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), available ATP concentration is much lower than that in the <i>in vivo</i> environment. To achieve single-molecule observation with a high signal-to-noise ratio, zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) are utilized even at high fluorescent molecule concentrations in the micromolar range. Despite the advantages of ZMWs, the use of cytoskeletal filaments for single-molecule observation has not been reported because of difficulties in immobilization of cytoskeletal filaments in the cylindrical aperture of ZMWs. Here, we propose linear ZMWs (LZMWs) to visualize enzymatic reactions on cytoskeletal filaments, specifically kinesin-driven microtubule motility accompanied by ATP binding/unbinding. Finite element method simulation revealed excitation light confinement in a 100 nm wide slit of LZMWs. Single-molecule observation was then demonstrated with up to 1 μM labeled ATP, which was 10-fold higher than that available in TIRFM. Direct observation of binding/unbinding of ATP to kinesins that propel microtubules enabled us to find that a significant fraction of ATP molecules bound to kinesins were dissociated without hydrolysis. This highlights the advantages of LZMWs for single-molecule observation of proteins that interact with cytoskeletal filaments such as microtubules, actin filaments, or intermediate filaments.