Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoparticles for Multiplexed Imaging of Bladder Cancer Tissue Permeability and Molecular Phenotype Ryan M. Davis Bernhard Kiss Dharati R. Trivedi Thomas J. Metzner Joseph C. Liao Sanjiv S. Gambhir 10.1021/acsnano.8b03217.s001 https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Surface-Enhanced_Raman_Scattering_Nanoparticles_for_Multiplexed_Imaging_of_Bladder_Cancer_Tissue_Permeability_and_Molecular_Phenotype/7072538 Bladder cancer has the highest recurrence rate of all cancers due in part to inadequate transurethral resection. Inadequate resection is caused by the inability of cystoscopes to detect invisible lesions during the resection procedure. To improve detection and resection of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, we quantified the ability of a surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle and endoscope system to classify bladder tissue as normal or cancerous. Both antibody-based (active) and tissue permeability-based (passive) targeting mechanisms were evaluated by topically applying nanoparticles to <i>ex vivo</i> human bladder tissue samples. Multiplexed molecular imaging of CD47 and Carbonic Anhydrase 9 tumor proteins gave a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC AUC of 0.93 (0.75, 1.00). Furthermore, passively targeted nanoparticles enabled tissue classification with an ROC AUC of 0.93 (0.73, 1.00). Passively targeted nanoparticles penetrated 5-fold deeper and bound to tumor tissue at 3.3-fold higher concentrations in cancer compared to normal bladder urothelium, suggesting the existence of an enhanced surface permeability and retention effect in human bladder cancer. 2018-09-11 00:00:00 surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle bladder tissue samples Carbonic Anhydrase 9 tumor proteins Bladder Cancer Tissue Permeability ROC AUC Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoparticles resection Molecular Phenotype Bladder cancer 0.93 Multiplexed bladder cancer